My Personal Goals

Each fruitful individual has a rundown of qualities, dreams, and objectives. I live by my qualities, settle on choices with my dreams in my brain, and set objectives that will assist me with arriving at my life dreams. These three components take me to places I need to be throughout everyday life. These components reflect accomplishment objectives and execution objectives. â€Å"Achievement objectives mirror the motivation behind a person's accomplishment interests and two general sorts have been proposed: dominance and execution. While seeking after dominance objectives, a person's motivation is to create fitness by gaining new information and abilities (e. . , â€Å"My objective in this class is to comprehend the material as altogether as could be expected under the circumstances. â€Å"). While seeking after execution objectives, a person's motivation is to show skill comparative with others (e. g. , â€Å"My objective in this class is to show improvement over different understudies. â€Å"). Accordingly, people can be spurred to accomplish for two totally different reasons: to expand their skill by learning as much as could be expected under the circumstances or to increase positive decisions of their fitness by proceeding just as they can contrasted with others. † (Barron and Harackiewicz, 2001, p. 06) My accomplishment objectives and execution objectives are family, vocation, and instruction. These three classes intergrade inside each other. My training objective is to get my Bachelors of Science in nursing degree. My vocation objective depends on the fulfillment of my degree to keep on progressing in my profession. My family objective is to keep up a solid, cheerful, even structure while scrutinizing and accomplishing my different objectives. â€Å"Professional life greatly affects the individual existence of an individual. In the event that one is dismissed, at that point, the other angle will be hampered. In this way, a legitimate size of parity must be kept up. (Kar, 2011, p. 11) Throughout life as qualities and dreams change and objectives are accomplished, new objectives emerge. Instruction is my new objective. My vision for my vocation way has given me the incentive to accomplish a Bachelors of Science in nursing degree. I have decided to go to â€Å"University of Phoenix† online to help keep up family equalization and life dreams. I trust â€Å"University of Phoenix† configuration courses to help m eet and keep up my training transient objectives and to remain on target with meeting my drawn out instruction objective. My transient objectives incorporate finishing and passing every course. Inside my transient objectives there are achievements. The achievements are spread out in class conversations and littler assignments. The enormous assignments and gathering undertakings will be a piece of my transient objectives for that course. I will partition my enormous assignments into achievements. Culmination of every achievement inside that task I will reexamine the advancement and keep on pushing ahead until achievements are implied and assignments effectively finished before due date. Meeting these achievements will assist me with strengthening my duties as I keep on progressing forward. My instruction objective is another objective due to my adjustment in vocations. I had been an injury nurture since 2003. Working in the crisis division I exhibited administration aptitudes, individual responsibility, and demonstrable skill by trading thoughts and input while grasping open doors for change. October 2013, I was drawn nearer to go after an organization job and acknowledged the offer. One prerequisite for the position is to get my BSN, notwithstanding a momentary objective for my profession so I can keep progressing forward in my vocation way. My present position has guided me to the accompanying pathways. Improve efficiencies with nursing forms, decrease of readmission rates, increment fulfillment scores with torment the executives and create outreach programs for patients with ceaseless ailment. I have singular dreams for every pathway. Each pathway veers off. It is essential to keep up clear vision and spotlight on each pathway separately. I have transient objectives that assist me with arriving at my dreams. I depend intensely on group way to deal with meet objectives with excellent result. I encourage each group; the group designs the short and long haul objectives for the tasks. Inside the transient objectives there are achievements with due dates. Progress and obstructions are tended to at planned gatherings. The procedure drives timing, correspondence, and progress. To keep up balance among my family, work, instruction, and leisure time, I will utilize a few devices. An organizer spreads out planning to accomplish transient objectives and record achievements. My instructive time is early morning and late night examines; isolating my instructive time keeps up offset with family needs. The family’s plan shows in the kitchen on a schedule whiteboard. The schedule is noticeable to everybody and records significant exercises. My time after work is as per children’s schoolwork, exercises, and occasions. I have put aside eight hours per week for time in the rec center, which is essential to keep up life adjust and lessen pressure. At work I need to utilize various apparatuses. Standpoint schedule shows my gatherings and occasions. A whiteboard is in my office where I list ventures. This rundown makes visual subtleties of ilestones, due dates, and target finishing dates. Finished activities are monitored in an exceed expectations spreadsheet to screen achievement or obstructions. Ventures are formally named fruitful when quantifiable result exhibits adequacy, effectiveness and increment efficiency. Taking everything into account, I will accomplish my instructive objective by accomplishing my BSN degree. My momentary profession objectives are to keep on fini shing ventures with remarkable result. My drawn out objective is to keep progressing in a fruitful profession way. I comprehend I need to forfeit things to dispense for new objectives. I realize booking time every day to take a shot at my objectives is a key to my prosperity. To arrive at my objectives I comprehend I can't permit pardons. I realize it will be basic to remain focused and to do what should be practiced each day. â€Å"Human progress is neither programmed nor unavoidable. Each progression toward the objective requires penance, enduring, and battle; the indefatigable efforts and energetic worry of committed people. † (King, 2001-2013, p. 1)

Factors That Influence Perception free essay sample

The initial segment of our discernment includes the things that catch our eye or that keep our consideration. There are powers to occasions in life that stand out enough to be noticed immediately, for instance. When something impacts our faculties of sight, sound, shading or taste in a major way, we focus or become pulled in to getting more, getting involved,â getting less or escaping. There are tedious occasions and articulations that move beyond our inclinations and channels to in the long run catch our eye in unpretentious manners. At that point, there are occasions and explanations that we can't help contradicting, either firmly or unobtrusively when they are rehashed and again.Finally, with consideration, we have inclinations that work for ourselves. At the point when we deviate, we are correct and the other isn't right. We are basically liable for our achievements while other peopleâ or different things are fundamentally liable for adding to our missteps. After our consideration is picked up, nonetheless, there are factors that legitimately influence our recognition in relational conduct and connections. We will compose a custom article test on Components That Influence Perception or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that we are fulfilled and content with an individual, we are going to take in their messages uniquely in contrast to in the event that we are disappointed or discontent with an individual. In the event that racial and sexual orientation inclination, for instance is included, we are slanted to take people groups messages uniquely in contrast to on the off chance that we are racially and sex open minded. We can be increasingly ideal for the messages of an individual when we want more or delayed inclusion with an individual. With the racial and sexual orientation inclination model, we can have our longing set up by our previously established inclinations and predispositions, which thusly influences how well or negatively we respond to their messages, which incorporate verbal and non verbal correspondence. Past encounters and desires will impact our perceptions.With the race and sexual orientation model, if there have been effective working, school or different connections in foundations that have a culture of cooperating, at that point there are more noteworthy chances that a people qualities,â behavior andâ messages are progressively disposed to be at first assessed on their benefits, as opposed to on predispositions. On the off chance that there has been long lasting abhorrence and isolation, at that point there are less chances that a people qualities,â behavior and message will be assessed on its benefits. Our societies and self observations impact the manner by which we percieve things. On the off chance that we have low mental self views that originate from social or family factors, at that point we may channel or inclination our recognitions in an unmistakably progressively negative or restrictive, I cannot have this or I ought not be keen on thisâ way than if we have great mental self portraits. Our insight, instruction andâ skills for learning and arousing encounters will influence our discernments. Everything from realizing that we are sensitive to specific things to having information that another physical element can be analyzed by a lot of logical standards can decide how we learn and handle it.But when there is a uniqueness among information and instruction, there might be immense contrasts in recognition. The allergicâ indivudal might not have any desire to catch wind of a dish that had the culpable fixing in it. The researcher probably won't have the option to lessen the extraordinary characteristics of a rockâ for a lay people understanding. Discer nments are additionally influenced by our propelled capacities of compassion, our need to support or show concern and our other passionate and even physiological reactions to occasions and messages. One intriguing new wonder, givenâ that manyâ humans are molded byâ lifelong introduction to promoting, naming and marking, is the new showcasing plans that emphasis on mass manifestations ofâ perceptions. Theseâ schemes, utilizing interpersonal interaction and other web capacities goâ to the purpose of planting or creatingâ perceptions that are bogus or that are slanted to make items and companies look better than they are. This goes past bogus publicizing and inclines toward really making conviction sets, life plans and desiresâ and conviction frameworks that favor the promoting or even politicalâ entity.

Blog Archive Why the MBA Interview Is Not a Quiz Show, and What Makes a Good Thank You Note

Blog Archive Why the MBA Interview Is Not a Quiz Show, and What Makes a Good Thank You Note This time of year, many business school candidates are invited to interview with their target MBA programs. Some of these applicants inevitably fret and ask themselves, “What if I don’t know the answers to my interviewer’s questions?” The good news is that, as the title of this blog post states, a business school interview bears no resemblance to a TV quiz show. The admissions officer, alumnus/alumna, or student interviewing you will  not  ask you about esoteric topics and will not expect you to answer questions pertaining to business management. The majority of the questions you will encounter in your interview will pertain to  your  life and experiences. In other words, the interviewer will be asking you about  youâ€"so you will already have all the answers in hand from the beginning. As a first step in preparing for your interviews, take time to reacquaint yourself with your own story, especially as you have presented it to the school in your application. Go back and reread your essays, contemplate pivotal moments in your life, and consider your major accomplishments and failures. By doing so, you will be sure to have the basic knowledge necessary to perform at your very best during your interview. We recommend that after your interview, you write a thank you letter to your hosts, as many candidates tend to do. But what makes a  good thank you note? Personalization:  When writing to your host/interviewer, show sincerity by personalizing your letter. By handwriting your letter and mentioning specifics about your conversation and experiences, you will continue to foster your connection with that individual and show that your interaction truly made an impression. Brevity:  Your letter should be no more than a few sentences long. If you write several paragraphs, you run the risk of creating the negative impression that you are trying too hard or do not respect limits (possibly even suggesting that you might carry on too long in class). By being brief and sincere, you will instead make a powerful impression that will yield results. Speed:  Ideally, send your letter within 24 hours of your visit and within 48 hours at the most. Most interviewers must submit their reports very soon after the interview, and your thank you note will have a better chance of positively influencing this report if it is received before the report is submitted. Also, after too long, your interest may logically fall into question, or your host may simply forget some of the details of your conversation that you are trying to reinforce. By writing your letter immediately, you will give the impression that you have been energized by the experience and are eager to maintain your connection. Thank you notes are generally not a “make or break” aspect of your candidacy, but they can establish continuity and demonstrate your continued interest to your target school’s representatives. We encourage candidates to follow up with such notes because they are a low-cost way of reinforcing a positive impression and relationship. mbaMission offers even more interview advice in our free  Interview Primers,  which are available for the 17 top-ranked business schools. Share ThisTweet Interviews

Racial And Ethnic Composition Of The American People Essay

The racial and ethnic composition of the American people is in flux. New immigrants from all over the world have added a large measure of cultural and phenotypic diversity to the American population in recent decades. America is one of very few countries in the world where it is near impossible to define the nationality by one race, lineage or religion. It has become a melting pot of different cultures and religions and it is difficult to find anyone who does not come from immigrant ancestry. Defining ourselves as a nation built on immigration, we also view immigration as a threat, and still immigration has been a constant source of dynamism and strength to the economy. Our immigration system is inadequate and its out-of-date laws have resulted in a situation where many illegal immigrants live and work in the United States, modernizing our immigration system would ensure that the door to America remains as open to future generations as it was for our ancestors. Immigrants make enormo us contributions to our economy, with a new comprehensive immigration policy in place that allows the millions of undocumented workers a chance to legally work; these immigrants could become productive contributors to the American economy. Illegal immigration continues to be a matter of much debate. With over 11 million immigrants in the United States illegally, the issue of illegal immigration continues to divide America. Opponents of illegal immigration say that individuals who break the law byShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Racial-spatial Dynamic of Violence in Neighborhoods1179 Words   |  5 PagesRuth D. Peterson and Lauren J. Krivo are two researchers who used the National Neighborhood Crime Study to observe the racial-spatial dynamic of violence in neighborhood. The two looked at thirty-six cities in the U.S. and discovered that not only do the economic conditions that are present in these neighborhoods have an effect on the violence that happens in the area but also the proximity to more disadvantaged or racially privileged areas can also have an influence on violence formed in variesRead MoreA Brief Note On African American Adults And Obesity1480 Words   |  6 PagesRyan LeBlanc Methods of Social Research I Professor Weinshenker November 17, 2016 African American Adults and Obesity Introduction: In the US, there are tremendous disparities in health outcomes across different racial and ethnic groups. Non-Hispanic, African American adults, in particular, are known to â€Å"bear a disproportionate burden of disease, injury, death, and disability† when compared to the rest of the population. Many factors contribute to these disparities. According to the CDCRead MoreIdentity Of American Identity1101 Words   |  5 Pagesliberty, and the pursuit of happiness established over two centuries ago by the nation’s forebearers. Being American is about anticipating change and being provided with the environment to dream. Americans have dreamed of a more equal union, where Women obtain the right to vote and African Americans are social equals. The country’s images of Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller inspire the American dream, where individuals are not satisfied with their socioeconomic standing and have the opportunityRead MoreThe Effect Of Educational Inequ ality1332 Words   |  6 Pagestypically have lower socioeconomic status, and are made up of largely minorities. These individuals don’t have the money necessary to pay for college and end up working jobs that have lower wages. Although, it was created with the intention of providing people with equal opportunity, the institution of education further alienates and widens the inequalities experienced by minorities and those living in the lower class. Content and Analysis Before discussing the impact, the term ‘educational inequality’Read MorePatterns of Social and Ethnic Residential Segregation Among Social Groups Ethnic Minorities1001 Words   |  5 PagesPATTERNS OF SOCIAL AND ETHNIC RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AMONG SOCIAL GROUPS ETHNIC MINORITIES Residential segregation can be explained as special appearance of social inequality, unequal distribution of social, ethnic, etc. groups. The spatial objective reflection of the complicated system of social relation can interpret the socio-economic structure of the city, and the allocation of different social groups. Appears in space in segregation curve where higher and lower social classes are much differentRead MoreThe Multiculturalism And Education Policy962 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the country should pay less attention to racial issues and student racial composition of schools and instead concentrate on academic quality only (Newman, 2006). I do not agree. I do not feel that school success is an all or nothing venture where we have to decide between concentrating only on academic quality or multicultural issues. Instead, I think that concentrating on multiculturalism issues, such as racial issues and racial composition of schools, creates a nurturing and supportiveRead More Analysis Of Julie Betties Women Without Class1540 Words   |  7 PagesJulie Bettie’s book Women Without Class, she describes social groups in Waretown High and their race, gender, and social class composition. Bettie is an observant who is really interested in â€Å"women from working-class families across racial/ethnic identities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bettie, pg. 8). She started her project in a community college, where she talks to the first generation of families attending college. Bettie observes that 20 percent high school graduates transfer to community colleges to four-year schoolsRead MoreImplications And Future Directions For Research1969 Words   |  8 Pagesadolescents had stronger ethnic identity as a result of their experiences with discrimination or whether they perceived discrimination because they were more outward with their ethnicity. Both directions are equally plausible. In the first scenario, rejection from the majority would lead to individuals seeking acce ptance from their ethnic group thereby increasing ethnic identity. In the latter scenario, research has shown that individuals who are highly identified with their racial/ethnic group tend to beRead MoreSegregation Is The Division Of People Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesSection I Paper: Analysis of Segregation Patterns Segregation is the division of people that share certain racial, social, and economic characteristics from other people of differing characteristics in a defined area. Segregation is mediated by action of specific groups of people leaving areas concentrated with other groups of people of differing interests. Essentially, individuals from these groups voluntarily (based on individual choice and personal preference) or involuntarily (based on externalRead MoreApproaches to Moral Reasoning1358 Words   |  6 Pagesnursing. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 2 2. The racial and ethnic composition of the nursing profession will change to more accurately reflect the population as a whole when a. The increased numbers of racial and ethnic minorities enrolled in educational programs graduate and begin to practice. b. The retention rate of nonwhite nurses remains at the current level. c. The percentage of African-American and Hispanic nurses increases more than the percentage of white nurses

Analysis Of The Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli - 871 Words

The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli From the moment a child is born from the womb, they are consistently instructed to follow the strict rules of what is classified as morally correct in order to succeed in life, and yet, The Prince, composed by Niccolo Machiavelli of Florence, goes against every word of these such instructions. The Prince is a historically controversially book written for Lorenzo de Medici, intended to assist him in improving the situations occurring in Italy at the time. In this book, Machiavelli provides advice that many would consider morally wrong due to his opposing views to how to become a great ruler. The society The Prince describes to be ultimately the most dystopian relies most heavily on two areas, the†¦show more content†¦Another side to the dystopian society would be the lack of a functioning military. According to Machiavelli’s own words, â€Å"Mercenaries and auxiliaries are useless and dangerous; and if one holds his state based on the se arms, he will stand neither firm nor safe.† Therefore, one may deduce that if such a civilization were to rely so heavily on mercenaries and auxiliaries, it would certainly fall to ruin. He claims that the skillful mercenary will always aim to be just above the ruler, and will often end in overthrowing them as they have their own ambitions, while an unskilled mercenary will fail you in the usual manner. Counting on the own wit and war knowledge of the ruler himself, if they have studied war tactics very little and seldom needed to play either defense or offense, they will find themselves not prepared in the time of war and will fail. In conclusion, the dystopian society would rely heavily on the hope that they would not be attacked and would have little to no preparation in the area of war, while if they found themselves to be in such a situation, would rely on buying their own soldiers who could potentially overthrow them at any off chance. This raises a question as to the morality of these men presented in The Prince and as to whether they are good or evil. The evil of menShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli832 Words   |  4 PagesNiccolo Machiavelli (1469–1527) has lived in an era when the Florence, Italy had become the battleground for the foreign forces and was suffering from political destruction. Moreover, an era of the Renaissance was in the process and being a philosopher of renaissance era, he put forward quite controversial theories and philosophies. His comprehensive work The Prince is considered as a remarkable piece of historical writing not only for the age of renaissance but also for the contemporary age. HeRead MoreThe Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli Analysis948 Words   |  4 PagesComposed nearly 500 years ago, Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince presents another perspective on the meaning of virtue. Machiavellis definition contended against the idea presented by the Catholic Church. Machiavelli did not force any opinions of his own, somewhat he composed from his experience and whatever theory that prompts activities which created successful results in the political scene of Italy and different nations. While Machiavelli continues to be scrutinized for his thoughts, in allRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli1314 Words   |  6 PagesMACHIAVELLI’S LIVED WORLD: SETTING CONTEXT Niccolà ² Machiavelli’s The Prince was written in a time of political and civil unrest in Italy. For decades the city-state of Florence suffered several political uprisings and the establishment of new governments. From tyrannical rule to the creation of a democratic republic, and finally the re-establishment of the Medici family, The Prince comes from Machiavelli’s lived experiences in these political regimes. Machiavelli blames the division of Italy into city-statesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli1094 Words   |  5 Pageswhen their real personality is revealed. In the nonfiction essay, The Prince, by Niccolo Machiavelli, Machiavelli delineates the requirements to be a successful leader over a powerful state. He suggests numerous times that a prince should govern an empire with a image that is dominant but caring for citizens while ruling ruthlessly and appealing to the people if possible. Machiavelli’s principles of a dominant and ruthless prince may not be globally accepted but they are efficient and accurate despiteRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli1192 Words   |  5 Pagesthis: it was a duty to be the best. Niccolo Machiavelli, an Italian Humanist, wrote  The Prince  as a guide for his own prince, Lorenzo De Medici, to promote himself into the political arena of Italy. He analyzed power and the way Italy could become its own state and keep control. His extensive explanations were driven by his own fascination with power and his desire for an independent Italy. The Prince expresses the effectual truth of t hings and the idea that a prince must not be just and fair when comingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli1020 Words   |  5 PagesInterestingly, Niccolo Machiavelli in his work The Prince would disagree. Written for the Medici lords, The Prince offers advice on how to obtain and rule a principality. To do this, he must first explain the nature of man and adjust the method of ruling them accordingly. Machiavelli believes humans by nature are corrupt, so the Prince must also be corrupt to succeed. In order to prove Machiavelli’s opinion, it is first necessary to understand what he defines as success. Machiavelli believes thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli1755 Words   |  8 PagesNiccolo Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince† provides guidelines for how the leader of a state should conduct himself, and the actions he should take to consolidate and maintain power. While Socrates does not explicitly discuss what he believes a good leader should do and how he should act in either â€Å"Apology† or †Crito†, he presents his opinion on how men in general should conduct themselves, and how a government should be run. Based on the accounts given, Socrates would vehemently disagree with Machiavelli’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince 1625 Words   |  7 PagesOne well-known Renaissance thinker, Niccolo Machiavelli, was one of those philosophers whose political views caused an uproar during earlier ce nturies. His view on effective leadership was rather harsh and not exactly adopted in the Italian society. As a Renaissance citizen, Machiavelli proved his writing skills through a number of works such as short stories, plays, and histories. His more popular works included those call the Discourses on Livy and The Prince-which will be described further moreRead MoreEssay on Analysis of The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli517 Words   |  3 Pages The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli is about the origination of a prince. More or less how a prince can start from the bottom and become a great king or die at the feet of his people before reaching his prime. To become a prince there are many different ways which is explain in this book for example To arrive at this position depends not entirely on worth. Stating that there are a number of way you can become a prince by Favor of the people, but must maintain a healthy friendship and offer protectionRead MoreAn Analysis Of Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince 941 Words   |  4 PagesNiccolo Machiavelli and Karl Marx developed theories concerning wealth and poverty in our society, as well as different types of governments. For instance, Machiavelli supported a capitalist economic system, unlike Marx, who embraced socialism in the society. Machiavelli wrote a book The Prince that explained how to be an effective leader. The theme of the book is the end justifies the means. A person could or should do whatever is necessary to achieve the desired goal. According to Machiavelli

The Stem Cell Therapy ( Iusct ) - 1641 Words

Intrauterine stem cell therapy (IUSCT) refers to treatment of a variety of fetal genetic disorders thought transplantation of either allogenic or genetically modified autologous stem cells. Stem cells become incorporated into the recipient tissue to start proliferation and differentiation through their pluripotent or multipotent potential to compensate for the missing or defective protein. This could be useful in treating fetal genetic disorders which are considered to be perinatally lethal or associated with significant disability and morbidity if intervention is delayed to postnatal period (1). Recent advances in prenatal diagnostic techniques have enabled early prenatal diagnosis of a wide variety of genetic disorders. IUSCT has the following advantages over postnatal therapy: the immune system of the fetus at early gestation is still immature; which is the basis for the unique immunologic tolerance phenomenon described many years ago (2). Such tolerance allows incorporation of the donor stem cells (engraftment) without need for myeloablation or use of immunosuppressors. Also, the sterile environment inside the uterus facilitates remodeling of the fetal immune system (3). Another major advantage of IUSCT is small size of the fetus at early gestation compared to postnatal size allowing transfusion of higher concentrations of stem cells (4). These factors contribute to the promising potential of IUSCT in managing wide variety of genetic disorders. Two main routes have been

Principles and Practice of Stress Management

Question: Describe about the Principles and Practice of Stress Management. Answer: Introduction Appraisal of a particular task is like making an assessment on the quality of a task with reference to the task objective or task requirement. More often, appraisal of a task usually touches on key concerns like the evidences, provided during the procedure of the subject, level of the evidence offered and finally matters on both strengths and weaknesses (Barlow, 2007). At some point an appraisal may offer evidence that is not satisfying and that is why it is important that the level of the evidence offered is attached to various justifications of the task. With reference to the question rubric, this particular task will make an appraisal with reference to the case provided. It will assess or rather appraise both the papers end make a final stand on the most suitable paper to fit the situation in context. The final stand will also be aligned with a number of justifications that will offer a provision that in deed the adopted paper suits the need of the task. The Scenario provided The scenario provided is on one Mariana who is a first year student pursuing health sciences in an Australian University. The personality in question is described as a lady who is not married but has a daughter whose age is estimated to be 18 months. Due to her situation of being a single mother, she is encountered with worries of not being able to mix with other students (Beehr Newman, 2008). This is also supported by a number of key evidences which are mainly based on priorities. Her priority may not be the same like other students whom she is undertaking her studies with. At the childbirth of the daughter, Mariana is depicted to have suffered difficulties in giving birth and the daughter is presently suffering from Asthma (Certo, 2015). In the occasion that Mariana comes to school, her daughter has to be in the attendance of local child care centre. The case in context or rather the scenario presented ends with the mentioning of Marianas condition. She is suffering from both diabetes and rare blood disorders. A situation that also needs more than medical examination, but she has to live in her status since she gets limited support from her family, a situation that has subjected her to live in a small unit which is a bus ride from the university vicinity. Appraising the Quality of Paper 1 The personalities presented in paper 1 are Von Haertel, Stumpp, Hey and Ebner- Priemer. Their paper mainly presents information on reduced emotional stress reactivity to a situation that can be of real life academic examination stressor in students (Cohen McKay, 2014). The examination was through aerobic exercise training that took place in the 20th week. Objective of the paper The main objective of the paper in context as mentioned previously was to examine if the 20th week aerobic exercise intervention can improve emotional stress reactivity during a real life stress. The method that was employed was on bringing sixty one inactive students who were randomly assigned to a waiting control and an aerobic exercise intervention group (Cohen, Kessler Gordon, 2007). Both the inter-individual data in real life situation and diaries were brought into use. The participants with regards to the paper are argued to have made reports of their moods as well as their perceived stress (Gordon, Slade Schmitt, 2006). This was done in a time span of every two days in their daily routines of pre and post intervention. Result of the of the subject The outcome of the subject showed important emotional stress reactivity that was evident in both groups during the entire period in which the assessment was conducted (Folkman, 2004). It was also noted amongst participants in the aerobic exercise intervention group, lower emotional stress reactivity. This was in comparison with their control counterparts at the end of the time that was estimated for the training to end. The paper in context concluded with a conference that Aerobic Exercise Intervention has got beneficial effects on emotional stress reactivity during an academic examination which is extremely stressful real life situation for students. The subject in context was also mentioned to be a promising strategy against the negative health effects of already accumulated emotional stress reactivity (Kim, Yang Schroeppel, 2013). Evidences that the paper provided can be applicable to Marianas situation regarding stress reduction and mood improvement The evidence provided in paper one is obtained from the main objective of the paper in discussion. The objective is based on how the exercise that was conducted can improve emotional stress reactivity. Remember, the situation under which Mariana was subjected to was not favorable and therefore stood a chance of suffering from cases that are stress related. The first instance of Marianas stress was on the fact that she was a student and at the same time a single mother of an 18 months daughter (Lazarus, 2015). The daughter was also depicted as one who was suffering from asthma and the mother on the other hand having ailment on diabetes and rare blood disorders. The main aim of this objective is to subject the stressful situation of Mariana to the education sector as provided in the detailed analysis of Aerobic Exercise Interventions. Her mind is likely to be diverted, and her stress may not come from her real life situation, that even includes reduction of stress from the situation of her child. This is likely to raise her mood. Level of evidence in appraising the paper in context The extent of evidence provided with the view of the subject may be fairly applicable in the situation of Mariana, and there is likelihood that she may have temporary relief in her real life stress situation (Moracco McFadden, 2012). Strength of the evidence provided in appraising the paper The strength of the evidence provided is on the beneficial part of the paper in context, of which it is mentioned that the Aerobic Exercise Intervention shows some characteristics of a promising strategy against stress. Weaknesses with respect to the subject The main weakness with respect to the context is that there are chances that personality in discussion may suffer double stressful state. This is because, in the occurrence that the paper in discussion is not applicable in reducing Marianas stress, she may both have stress from the academic zone as well as that of her real life as detailed in the scenario that has been conclusively discussed. Appraisal of Paper 2 The personalities presented to be the authors of this paper include Kim, Yang and finally Scroeppel. The paper is mainly about a pilot study that offers an examination on the effects of Kouk Sun Do on students who are in the university with regards to anxiety symptoms. The paper is therefore basically about stress and health and most of its content has also shown many similarities with the journal of the international society for the investigations of stress (Murphy, 2014). Moving into finer details of the study, it is documented that the study was conducted among 30 university student who had reported cases on anxiety symptoms. They were allocated at random to either the waiting list that was for the control group or treatment group. A total estimate of 18, of whom 11 were in the waiting list control group completed both the two usual tests. That is pre- test and post test. The rest of the participant is depicted to have dropped out before the intervention stage (Olff, Langeland Gersons, 2005). The pilot test in context is covered to have been conducted at a frequency of at least three times per week in a period of four weeks. There was a measurement which was then taken mainly on areas that deals in trait anxiety, depressive symptoms and finally general self efficacy in coping with stress. At the final stage, open ended questions were used in data collection and the result is provided in the result section of the paper in context. Result with respect to the appraisal of paper 2 One of the groups which were the first 11 or rather the treatment group showed a significance reduced trait in both anxiety and symptoms of depression compared to the control group across time. In the end, there was a provision that was made by the qualitative data which provided that self induced relaxation effects may lead to reduced anxiety. Objective of the paper in question The main objective of this particular paper as already been mentioned is on the effects of Kouk Sun Do which is basically a mind body exercise on a mental health of the university students. Being that, Mariana is also a university student, the paper accommodates her because even her situation is part of mental health. Evidence with regards to both appraisal of the paper and applicability of the of it to Marianas situation in reducing stress and improving mood The main evidence with regards to the context is on the view that the paper is directed towards achieving a breakthrough in matters of stress. The paper has addressed this from a dimension of conducting what was known as the pilot study (Smith et al, 2005). The outcome of the study as provided in the result sub topic was that self induced relaxation effects of the Kouk Sun Do may offer a reduction in anxiety. Anxiety in most cases results due to extreme cases in matters of stress just like in the scenario that we are presented with of Mariana. Level of evidence The level of this evidence is of a higher chance able to offer reduction in matters of anxiety which has always been discussed by a number of key scholars in the field of medicine as one of the outcomes of matters that are related to stress though not in all circumstances. Strengths of the evidence The strength of the subject is that unlike other cases, this paper is very direct in terms of what it is dealing with, and it has been noted that it lays much focus on matters of anxiety. It is this that it seeks ways on how it can be reduced as already covered in the paper in discussion. Weaknesses of the evidence The main weakness of this paper is that, it focuses much on anxiety relief as opposed to stress. In the outcome that was covered and as severally been mentioned in the previous paragraph, the end result was that self induced relaxation effects of the subject may offer reduction to matters pertaining anxiety. This shows that the paper may not offer applicability to Marianas situation. The most relevant paper to Mariana regarding stress reduction and improvement of mood The most appropriate or relevant paper with regards to the subject is that of paper 1. This is the paper that is likely to offer reduction to Marianas stress and even improve her mood. Justification of the answer provided The main justification for the above is that, it provides for academic stress to offer relief in Marianas real life situation. Mariana is likely to lay focus on academic stress and challenges and this may make her forget of her real life stress (Von et al, 2015). Remember, it was mentioned that she even had a problem of mixing with other students; it is only this paper that will enable her mix freely with her colleagues. The second paper is dismissed on ground that, it does not directly touch on matters that are stress related but rather anxiety and therefore may be difficult to provide the required solution. Conclusion As mentioned in the introductory paragraph, the meaning of appraisal of paper is to appreciate the quality of that particular paper through the assessment of several areas. The task in question has therefore, for a greater extent appraise the two papers with respect to Marianas condition and has finally come up with a final paper that is most applicable to Mariana. For example, in this case, paper 1 has been adopted because according to the assessment conducted, it is the most applicable to Marianas situation. This task has therefore handled the matters addressed in the question rubric and all the requirements that were brought with regards to the task. References Barlow, D. H. (2007). Principles and practice of stress management. P. M. Lehrer, R. L. Woolfolk, W. E. Sime (Eds.). Guilford Press. Beehr, T. A., Newman, J. E. (2008). Job stress, employee health, and organizational effectiveness: A facet analysis, model, and literature review1. Personnel psychology, 31(4), 665-699. Certo, S. (2015). Supervision: Concepts and skill-building. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Cohen, S., McKay, G. (2014). Social support, stress and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. Handbook of psychology and health, 4, 253-267. Cohen, S., Kessler, R. C., Gordon, L. U. (2007). Measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists. Oxford University Press on Demand. Folkman, S. (2004). Personal control and stress and coping processes: a theoretical analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 46(4), 839. Gordon, M. E., Slade, L. A., Schmitt, N. (2006). The science of the sophomore revisited: From conjecture to empiricism. Academy of management review, 11(1), 191-207. Kim, J., Yang, H., Schroeppel, S. (2013). A Pilot Study Examining the Effects of Kouk Sun Do on University Students with Anxiety Symptoms. Stress Health: Journal Of The International Society For The Investigation Of Stress, 29(2), 99-107. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.acu.edu.au/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.2431 Lazarus, R. S. (2015). Psychological stress in the workplace. Occupational stress: A handbook, 1, 3-14. Moracco, J. C., McFadden, H. (2012). The counselor's role in reducing teacher stress. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 60(9), 549-552. Murphy, L. R. (2014). Occupational stress management: A review and appraisal. Journal of occupational psychology, 57(1), 1-15. Olff, M., Langeland, W., Gersons, B. P. (2005). Effects of appraisal and coping on the neuroendocrine response to extreme stress. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews, 29(3), 457-467. Smith, J. E., Richardson, J., Hoffman, C., Pilkington, K. (2005). Mindfulness?Based Stress Reduction as supportive therapy in cancer care: systematic review. Journal of advanced nursing, 52(3), 315-327. Von Haaren, B., Haertel, S., Stumpp, J., Hey, S., Ebner-Priemer, U. (2015). Reduced emotional stress reactivity to a real-life academic examination stressor in students participating in a 20-week aerobic exercise training: A randomised controlled trial using Ambulatory Assessment. Psychology Of Sport Exercise, 20, 67-75.

Review of Related Literature of Volcano Tourism in the Philippines Essay Example

Review of Related Literature of Volcano Tourism in the Philippines Essay Review of Related Literature The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest and most diverse industry . In a report of World Tourism Organization entitled International Tourism, it has pointed out the desire to standardize the definitions in the tourism industry throughout the world. This shows that tourism is an industry at its mature stage. Standardization has been a product of the big growth of demand for this industry. Meanwhile, studies show that there is a present shift of tourism growth in Asia. Asia has experienced a great increase in tourism for the past years. Southeast Asia, in particular has experienced the fasted growth in tourism. Tourism contributes significantly to 11 of the 12 countries that account for 80% of the worlds poor. Seven of these countries are in Asia, namely, Bangladesh, Peoples Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, and the Philippines. In fact, tourism in Asia is in a thriving condition. Since 1990, the Asia-Pacific region has become an increasingly important tourist destination, and it is the fastest-growing region for international tourism worldwide. The Philippines is trying to catch on with the key players of the Southeast Asian tourism, according to the World Tourism Organization (WTO) study. The double digit gain is attributed to growth of global tourism business; increase travel to the Asia Pacific region; and aggressive and sustained marketing of the Philippines through the WOW Philippines. The United States remained the top tourism source for the Philippines. Japan and Republic of Korea followed The figures are very promising. The Philippines reported that tourism products such as health, sports, nature and adventure, ecotourism, convention and business have been aggressively promoted by the Department of Tourism both in international and local tourism forum. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Related Literature of Volcano Tourism in the Philippines specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Related Literature of Volcano Tourism in the Philippines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Related Literature of Volcano Tourism in the Philippines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In addition, new types of tourism products are continually being developed by the government in coordination with the private sector and local government units not only to attract more tourists but to promote a more quality tourism experience. The simple concept of tourism has transformed into many specializations such as sustainable tourism, peace through tourism†, poverty reduction through tourism and â€Å"nature-based tourism†. Furthermore, it has shifted from being a collective effort of the entire government to it being decentralized. And different studies have now embarked on focusing on these trends. Holistic Approach Holistic approach to developments has been greatly considered. Within this holistic approach are the concepts of ecotourism and sustainable development. This ‘general’ approach has been attributed to the Agenda 21 which was a product of the â€Å"Earth Summit† in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. In the said summit, also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the concept of sustainable development – a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs—was introduced. Within the scope of the said summit, are the principles for guiding action on environment and development. Since then, developments have geared towards addressing the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. Ever since, these outlook on developments have been considered. Safeguards for environmental protection and cultural sensitivity should be developed and enforced, together with effective land use planning, zoning, and regulation. Most importantly, a sensitive balance between destination marketing and destination preparedness needs to be maintained. Studies have assimilated and promoted such perspectives. In a joint publication of WTO, the World Travel Tourism Council, and the Earth Council entitled: â€Å"Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry† practical steps that governments and private tourism companies can take to implement the goals of the Rio Earth Summit and make the future of the tourism sector and our entire planet more sustainable. For example, in China similar approaches have been taken into consideration as it explores the relationship between development and conservation. In a paper on the mentioned perspective, said that both conservation and development, if working harmoniously together, lead to the best approach.. Eco-tourism One aspect of tourism which has greatly been considered is eco-tourism. As climate change guilt among tourists grows, many tourist attractions are touting their environmental credentials in an effort to cash in on the eco tag. We define nature-based tourism as the segment of the tourism market in which people travel with the primary purpose of visiting a natural destination. If we were to draw an imaginary line through the tourism industry, with one side (the smaller side) representing sustainable tourism and the other side representing non-sustainable tourism, then nature-based tourism and cultural tourism, etc. would span the divide. We equate ecotourism with nature-based tourism that falls on the sustainable side of the line, where impact on the local environment and human communities is low, direct financial benefits accrue to conservation efforts and the local communities, there is respect for local cultures and needs, and the experience builds environmental awareness. As the demand for tourism grows, the notions for eco-tourism sometimes drift away from its original goals. Studies have been conducted on eco-tourism which aims to standardize its goals purposes. For instance, a study has pointed out the simplistic understanding of eco-tourism as the overlap between nature and sustainability. Ecotourism projects must go beyond prevailing notions of the overlap between nature tourism and sustainable tourism(1) to encompass the social dimensions of productive organization and environmental conservation. Ecotourism must do more than create a series of activities to attract visitors, offering them an opportunity to interact with nature in such a way as to make it possible to preserve or enhance the special qualities of the site and its flora and fauna, while allowing local inhabitants and future visitors to continue to enjoy these qualities. They must also establish a durable productive base to allow the local inhabitants and eco-tourist service providers to enjoy a sustainable standard of living while offering these services. These trends have been monitored by organizations such as WTO. A lot of studies have been conducted being able to go into great new heights in understanding and implementing the views on tourism. Studies on the tourism industry have indeed brought more light on the once simple notion of tourism as the act of travelling. Its complexity has brought up studies on specialized areas in different and diverse settings. Volcano Tourism Volcano tourism although have long been an industry, have not been a popular study. This could be attributed to the nature of volcano tourism, which is very specialized. But nevertheless studies about it have been considered. Countries have greatly dealt with specializations of their tourism industries. And volcano tourism has been harnessed by countries that have sufficient resources. El Salvador for instance has mentioned in their National Plan of Tourism 2014 the importance of specializing tourism by identifying the country’s strength. â€Å"It turns out interesting to develop a supply of specialized nature that leans in identifiable and competitive advantages. The United States and European countries constitutes the main markets of reference in the international scope for the nature tourism. .. it requires a strategy of innovation and diversification Within the framework of the thematic tourism of nature he is feasible to differentiate diverse slopes †¦volcano tourism, the scientific tourism, the photographic tourism, agroturismo, ornithological tourism, etc â€Å" Some papers done in China which dwells on such area of interest are: â€Å"Research on Volcanic Tourism Resources and Their Development and Utilization† and â€Å"The Development of Volcano Tourism Resources and Ecological Conservation in Zhanjiang†. Both papers discuss the role of volcano tourism resources on the success of the proposed development of eco-cultural tourism. Through such papers, this specialized form of tourism appends even more variables. Some key variables of volcano tourism are its volcanic resources, volcanic tourism resources, volcanic ecology, and volcanic culture. Thus volcanic tourism in the context of a holistic approach involves a wide spectrum of factors and issues. Furthermore, through these papers, one would have an overview of needs and possibilities of such developments. It is said that volcano tourism is a rare tourism resource. Author Guo Jinjie of Greenpeace China has pointed the value of the landscape features and geological structures volcanoes possess. This implies that developments around the vicinities of volcanoes are site specific as volcanoes takes many forms and natural features. Aside from the features of this natural wonder, the presence of different sectors which interacts with it has been noted as well. Volcanoes shape not only the Earth’s surface but also the course of human history. Eruptions have contributed to the downfall of civilizations, changed the course of wars, and, more frequently, destroyed whole cities killing thousands of inhabitants. On the positive side, volcanoes make fertile lands that are the source of livelihood for numerous people all around the globe. One of the most interesting aspects of visiting a volcano is learning how its eruptions have affected the local people and their culture. Equally fascinating is to find out how the current population views the volcano: feelings run from pride to terror, depending largely on the frequency and character of the predominant eruptions. In itself, volcano tourism is very varied. The Volcanic Hazards Despite of the hazards volcanoes pose to life, studies show how people would prefer to stay within the vicinity of the volcanoes because of the great opportunities and potentials it renders. The USGS has pointed out the following reasons: fertile soils, geothermal energy, mineral resources, industrial products, business opportunities, recreation and tourism. It should be emphasized that the short-term hazards posed by volcanoes are balanced by benefits of volcanism and related processes over geologic time. Thus has led to even more study about its hazard in the view of keeping volcanic areas ‘safer’. Moreover, any development should consider a lot of things other than profit. In an article, it pointed out that the positive thing is we get people outdoors, appreciating the spectacle of nature. The downside is people sometimes get taken to the wrong place at the wrong time. Volcanic hazards are crucial elements to consider in any development around volcanic vicinities. Much has been studied about the hazards of volcanoes around the world. Government organizations like the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) as well as the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) have conducted various studies about the natural hazards of volcanoes. The unique relationship between human settlements and volcanoes has been grounds for the researches done. There are many discussions in the geophysics literature of the types and nature of volcanic eruptive behavior. In the social science literature there are discussions of public education strategies for hazards, controlling access to dangerous locations and evacuation systems. Key techniques have been explored with regards with human safety. Three critical social management techniques are commonly described: public education, access controls and evacuation systems. Furthermore, research has been done on areas where the volcanic hazards and tourism converge. In an article, it tried to highlight that tourism industry should be given more attention when it comes with disaster management. Tourism and natural disasters are not commonly associated, but they some-times have geographical congruence. An examination of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens and the 1985 East Kootenay forest fires reveals how tourism factors fit the general model of natural-disaster planning. Evidence suggests that tourism should be given more attention in disaster planning. A study had shown the key role of a multidisciplinary approach in reducing the social impact of volcanic hazards through assisting communities, organizations, and individuals following an eruption and, importantly, during quiescent periods. Meanwhile another paper looks into the capacity of resilience of traditional societies and the concurrent degree of cultural change rely on four factors, namely: the nature of the hazard, the pre-disaster socio-cultural context and capacity of resilience of the community, the geographical setting, and the rehabilitation policy set up by the authorities. These factors significantly vary in time and space, from one disaster to another. Vulnerability of communities to such hazards has also been studied. In one paper, vulnerability is discussed relative to psychological factors namely: sense of community, coping style and self-efficacy) is used to investigate this issue. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Agence France-Presse, Southeast Asian Toursim Industry Going for a Greenerimage, Inquire- Business, July 10 2008. Cezayirli, Gulfer. Fast-Growing Asian Tourism Should Enlist Help of the Urban Poor. Manila, Philippines: ADB, 2003 Chuck Y. Gee, International Tourism: A Global Perspective. ; Chuck Y. Gee, International Tourism: A Global Perspective, (2007) David Barkin, Ecotourism: A Tool for Sustainable Development (Mexico, 1996). Gulfer Cezayirli, Fast-Growing Asian Tourism Should Enlist Help of the Urban Poor (Manila, Philippines: ADB, 2003). Guo Jinjie, The Development of Volcano Tourism Resources and Ecological Conservation in Zhanjiang, Greenpeace China (2005). Integrated Rega Technology Utilization for Eco-Tourism Parks Development Baron Village, Yogyakarta, (National Technical Experts (P. T. Chazaro Gerbang Internasional), 2004). Jinjie; Rosaly Lopes, The Volcano Adventure Guide (U. K. : Cambridge University Press, 2005). Lopes, Rosaly. The Volcano Adventure Guide. U. K. : Cambridge University Press, 2005. Sanjay Kumar Verma, International Association of Tourism Co-Operatives, in Cooperatives and Tourism : An Asian Perspective (Cartagena (Colombia): 2005). Verma, Sanjay Kumar. International Association of Tourism Co-Operatives. In Cooperatives and Tourism : An Asian Perspective. Cartagena (Colombia), 2005.

Major General Alexander Hayes in the Civil War

Major General Alexander Hayes in the Civil War Alexander Hays - Early Life Career: Born July 8, 1819 at Franklin, PA, Alexander Hays was the son state Representative Samuel Hays.   Raised in northwestern Pennsylvania, Hays attended school locally and became a skilled marksman and horseman.   Entering Allegheny College in 1836, he left the school in his senior year to accept an appointment to West Point.   Arriving at the academy, Hays classmates included Winfield S. Hancock, Simon B. Buckner, and Alfred Pleasonton.   One of the best horsemen at West Point, Hays became close personal friends with Hancock and Ulysses S. Grant who was a year ahead.   Graduating in 1844 ranked 20th in a class of 25, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 8th US Infantry. Alexander Hays - Mexican-American War: As tensions with Mexico increased following the annexation of Texas, Hays joined Brigadier General Zachary Taylors Army of Occupation along the border.   In early May 1846, following the Thornton Affair and beginning of the Siege of Fort Texas, Taylor moved to engage Mexican forces led by General Mariano Arista.   Engaging at the Battle of Palo Alto on May 8, the Americans won a clear victory. This was followed the next day by a second triumph at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma.   Active in both fights, Hays received a brevet promotion to first lieutenant for his performance.   As the Mexican-American War ensued, he remained in northern Mexico and took part in the campaign against Monterrey later that year. Transferred south in 1847 to Major General Winfield Scotts army, Hays took part in the campaign against Mexico City and later aided Brigadier General Joseph Lanes efforts during the Siege of Puebla.   With the end of the war in 1848, Hays elected to resign his commission and returned to Pennsylvania.   After working in the iron industry for two years, he traveled west to California in the hopes of making his fortune in the gold rush.   This proved unsuccessful and he soon returned to western Pennsylvania where he found work as an engineer for local railroads.   In 1854, Hays moved to Pittsburgh to commence employment as a civil engineer.    Alexander Hays - The Civil War Begins: With the beginning of the Civil War in April 1861, Hays applied to return to the US Army.   Commissioned as a captain in the 16th US Infantry, he left this unit in October to become colonel of the 63rd Pennsylvania Infantry.   Joining Major General George B. McClellans Army of the Potomac, Hays regiment traveled to the Peninsula the following spring for operations against Richmond.   During the Peninsula Campaign and Seven Days Battles, Hays men were predominantly assigned to Brigadier General John C. Robinsons brigade of Brigadier General Philip Kearnys division in III Corps.   Moving up the Peninsula, Hays took part in the Siege of Yorktown and the fighting at Williamsburg and Seven Pines.            After participating in the Battle of Oak Grove on June 25, Hays men repeatedly saw action during the Seven Days Battles as General Robert E. Lee launched a series of attacks against McClellan.   At the Battle of Glendale on June 30, he earned high praise when he led a bayonet charge to cover the retreat of a Union artillery battery.   In action again the next day, Hays helped repel Confederate attacks at the Battle of Malvern Hill.   With the end of the campaign a short time later, he departed for a month of sick leave due to partial blindness and paralysis of his left arm caused by combat service. Alexander Hays - Ascent to Division Command: With the failure of the campaign on the Peninsula, III Corps moved north to join Major General John Popes Army of Virginia.   As part of this force, Hays returned to action in late August at the Second Battle of Manassas.   On August 29, his regiment spearheaded an assault by Kearnys division on Major General Thomas Stonewell Jacksons lines.   In the fighting, Hays received a severe wound in his leg.   Taken from the field, he received a promotion to brigadier general on September 29.   Recovering from his wound, Hays resumed active duty in early 1863.   Leading a brigade in the Washington, DC defenses, he remained there until late spring when his brigade was assigned to Major General William Frenchs 3rd Division of the Army of the Potomacs II Corps.   On June 28, French was transferred to another assignment, and Hays, as the senior brigade commander, took command of the division. Serving under his old friend Hancock, Hays division arrived at the Battle of Gettysburg late on July 1 and assumed a position towards the northern end of Cemetery Ridge.   Largely inactive on July 2, it played a key role in repelling Picketts Charge the next day.   Shattering the left side of the enemy assault, Hays also pushed part of his command out to flank the Confederates.   In the course of the fighting, he lost two horses but remained uninjured.   As the enemy retreated, Hays flamboyantly seized a captured Confederate battle flag and rode before his lines dragging it in the dirt.   Following the Union victory, he retained command of the division and led it during the Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns that fall.    Alexander Hays - Final Campaigns In early February, Hays division took part in the abortive Battle of Mortons Ford which saw it sustain over 250 casualties.   Following the engagement, members of the 14th Connecticut Infantry, which had sustained the bulk of the losses, accused Hays of being drunk during the fighting.   Though no evidence to this was produced or immediate action taken, when the Army of the Potomac was reorganized by Grant in March, Hays was reduced to brigade command.   Though unhappy with this change in circumstances, he accepted it as it permitted him to serve under his friend Major General David Birney.   When Grant commenced his Overland Campaign in early May, Hays immediately saw action at the Battle of the Wilderness.   In the fighting on May 5, Hays led his brigade forward and was killed by Confederate bullet to the head.   When informed of his friends death, Grant commented, â€Å"He was a noble man and a gallant officer.   I am not surprised that he met his death at the head of his troops.   He was a man that would never follow, but would always lead in battle.† Hays remains were returned to Pittsburgh where they were interred in the citys Allegheny Cemetery.   Ã‚     Ã‚   Selected Sources Major General Alexander HaysHistory Central - Alexander HaysUnion Generals: Alexander Hays

Changes in US for the Past 27 Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Changes in US for the Past 27 Years - Essay Example U.S is one amongst the country’s that have undergone change with time. This paper compares intelligibly how life used to be for an American citizen 27 years ago and how life is today for an American citizen. It also depicts the writer’s own perspective on the changes that have occurred with time. After interviewing Steve Lance, an American citizen now 50 years, he explained how life was 29 years ago when he was still 21 years old. He told me of the difficult situations he had to undergo during his twenties. Life was not a bed of roses and one had to struggle to make ends meet. From his perspective, life used to be hard and required perseverance. Although he experienced hardship, there was nothing to do about it. He often thought of a world without hardships and physiological torture. In comparison to today’s life, it is far much better, with no stress and everything made easier. Due to rapid change in technology, life for a 21-year-old American citizen can be vie wed meaningful. It is in rare cases to find a 21-year-old individual drowned in physiological stress since he/she has positive plans and informed of the daily happening. This is guaranteed by the advancement in technology and the prevailing political stability. According to Steve, he always had an optimistic approach of life. Despite the limitation in accessing education, he did not at any point of his life loose hope for the future. He always had mighty dreams, which he ever looked forward in achieving them. His own perspective was that he was to become a triumphant businessperson after all the perseverance in life. However, how he was to achieve his dream was the greatest fear he had in life. Each passing day, he was worried of how to establish him financially stable since he lived a life of hand to mouth. In relation to today’s life, people also base their hopes in future. They believe in the future due to the diverse changes in technology. Presently, individuals always dr eam of new inventions in technology. They always foresee great things ahead of life. However, it becomes a problem in relation to the skills and knowledge required to accomplish such a task. Steve further explained of the poor technology and infrastructure they experienced during his twenties and the drawbacks in comparison to today’s life. He is astonished by change in internet facilities and communication devices. He goes ahead and views cars and bridges because of revolution since he did not own a car and saw no importance of having one. 29 years ago, everything seemed slow, laborious, and labor intensive. Several people owned bicycles that aided in their transport. Leisure time was emphasized and people spent their time singing and dancing. This used to be a very important period appreciated by every person. Today, cars of different versions have found their way in the country and owning one is not a big issue. Moreover, people have invented better ways of having fun and relaxing which include watching television, browsing the internet, and playing various games like golf. Steve explained to me in depth of difficulties he had to face in his life in order to make ends meet for his family. He was by then married and had two children. Life tor him seemed hard and unfair since he was unemployed. He had a family to feed, which put its entire hopes in him. He viewed the president as someone capable of leading the country to both political and economical success but

Customer analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Customer analysis - Essay Example The hotel management has had discussions and is continuing to conduct further discussions with the event planners, especially the wedding planners from the Indian community in order to expand its customer base. It will also conduct road shows and take part in wedding conventions to promote and create awareness of their products. This region is projected to account for over a third of the hotel’s revenue in Singapore. Primary targets of MBS include Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam (Majumder, 2010). According to Tanasijevich (2011), Malaysia is expected to produce 10 percent same as Thailand and Indonesia while 8 percent is expected from Vietnam. China, on the other hand, accounts for 6 percent of the Marina Bay Sands business. The hotel has an advantage with respect to its location at the centre of the city. The hotel’s operations are expected to be consistent with minor variations in the number of customers during weekdays and weekends during which c ustomers spend their leisure time. There is also another market that Marina Bay Sands is eyeing, that is the Middle East. Marina Bay Sands is expecting to be flying customers between Singapore and Middle East. The need of Singapore to enhance tourism in their country through promoting MICE business and increasing family entertainment opened a vast gaming market for Marina Bay Sands which falls into their target market. This gaming market is described as more aggressive and large; therefore, Marina Bay Sands is extending liable gaming training to everyone so that the gaming evolution is understood to enhance understanding of this service. The Marina Bay Sands management explains that the casino gaming business is a principal target market in the early years. This is because it is expected to significantly surpass the MICE and room business before levelling up in the long term (Chiang, 2010). Chiang (2010) says that Marina Bay Sands also targets local and regional markets of music lov ers, anime enthusiasts and aspiring artists to stage their creative work by sponsoring events such as SAAP Singapore and Anime Festival Asia. It has something for everybody such as a big swimming pool that outsizes a football field, shops, fast food and restaurant, nightclubs and lounges. In terms of demographics Marina Bay Sands is targeting almost equally with respect to gender where expected male market is 51 percent as compared to 49 percent of the female market. The hotel has also targeted the middle aged population ranging from 25 to 55 years expected to have a percentage of 66% while that of below 25 years being 20% and the remaining 14% is expected to be older people aged above 55 years. Couples without children are expected to outnumber those who have children in their households by 65% to 35% respectively. Caucasians are expected to dominate the customer base by 71 percent followed by Asian ethnicity at 11 percent. People with income below USD50000 are expected to be fewer i.e. 16% as compared to those earning above USD 50000 at intervals of USD 50000 having a small difference not exceeding 2% (Pdlangen, 2010). The high demand and Controlled supply of gaming when merged with the design of Marina Bay Sands makes the hotel to stand a chance of being the most Profitable casino in the region and the world at large. This is because each

Analysing Organization Change at Tesco

Analysing Organization Change at Tesco INTRODUCTION Tesco is a multinational chain of stores for retail with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. In 2008, Tesco became the fourth largest retailer in the world, displacing the fifth largest distributor Metro AG, the first movement of positions among the top five companies in the sector since 2003. Although originally specializing in food and drinks, it has diversified into areas such as clothing, electronics, financial services, selling and renting DVDs, compact discs, digital downloads , Internet service , telecommunications , medical and dental insurance and software. Companies that are able to compete successfully in todays rapidly changing business environment, which is characterized by globalization of the economy, exploding information technology, downsizing, restructuring, and new employer-employee relationships, must be ready to make significant changes in the way they operate. Changes can be realized in a number of areas. They can, for example, be observed in attitude or behaviour. Many major organizational changes, however, are technological ones. Sometimes these changes are not intended to change behaviour, but they almost always do in some respect. Another type of change is replacement of personnel; when top management is impatient with the pace of productivity, they often replace key individuals. Changes also occur in organizational structure, formal roles and jobs, control systems, work processes, and other elements of the organizations internal environment (Hough, 2003). The motivation for change typically stems from the fact that something is not working (e.g., continued negative feedback from customers, reduced profitability, threats of acquisition, or other market pressures). For most organizations, a crisis is the catalyst for change. While a crisis may be sufficient to initiate a change, it takes much more to successfully integrate the change into the work processes. Managers must have more than an extensive knowledge of the marketplace, how to compete in it, and what internal structures must be in place to make the company successful (Atuahene-Giman, Li, 2004). SIGNIFICANT ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE AT TESCO Organizational change is defined as the ability to adapt to different organizations transformations suffered by the environment inside or outside, through learning. Another definition is the set of variations on the structure of organizations and suffering that result in a new organizational behaviour. Recently, TESCO has come across a significant change in terms of introducing and implementing a self-service check out system throughout its network. The implementation of this new payment system at Tesco is undoubtedly a strategic plan change. This is because the self-check-out system is a new system that differs from normal or traditional payment terms in terms of carrying out transactions. The cash payment required operating through a teller, but the checkout system does not need any cashier. This Self-service brings a new procedure or method to facilitate the customers. The use of the new system serves customers in a better way and provides better service without having to spend so much time in the store. When introduced into Tesco, this self-checkout system helps clients improve shopping experience and also facilitate them for easy shopping. This was done to make customers feel part of Tesco. The customer in store will select the shopping from the shelves and move to the self ch eckout, scan and pay for the items. The intended effect is the synergy of both the self checkout and the cashier checkout. The objective of this task is to investigate the Tesco self-service machine. This introduction of self-service check outs was a strategic shift. It was first introduced in Dereham, Norfolk in 2003. The purpose of the system was to accelerate check out processes and reduce labour costs associated with retail outlets. This work is to study the triggers of change, the process involved and the benefits for the organization. MANAGING ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE Lately, TESCO has confronted a substantial change in terms of introduction and implementation of self-service check out system throughout its branch network. Organizational change occurs when a company makes a transition from its current state to some desired future state. Managing organizational change is the process of planning and implementing change in organizations in such a way as to minimize employee resistance and cost to the organization, while also maximizing the effectiveness of the change effort. Therefore, the objective of this report revolves around the process used by TESCO to manage the implementation of the check-out system. Todays business environment requires companies to undergo changes almost constantly if they are to remain competitive. Factors such as globalization of markets and rapidly evolving technology force businesses to respond in order to survive. Such changes may be relatively minor-as in the case of installing a new software program-or quite major-as in the case of refocusing an overall marketing strategy. Organizations must change because their environments change, according to Thomas S. Bateman and Carl P. Zeithaml in their book Management: Function and Strategy. Today, businesses are bombarded by incredibly high rates of change from a frustratingly large number of sourcesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Inside pressures come from top managers and lower-level employees who push for change. Outside pressures come from changes in the legal, competitive, technological, and economic environments. (Bateman, Thomas , Zeithaml, 1989). In case of TESCO, both the internal and factors played their role in bring ing about the change. Organizational change initiatives often arise out of problems faced by a company. In some cases, however, companies are encouraged to change for other, more positive reasons. Change commonly occurs because the organization experiences some difficulty, Bateman and Zeithaml wrote. But sometimes the most constructive change takes place not because of problems but because of opportunities. The authors used the term performance gap to describe the difference between a companys actual performance and the performance of which it is capable. Recognition of a performance gap often provides the impetus for change, as companies strive to improve their performance to expected levels. This sort of gap is also where many entrepreneurs find opportunities to begin new businesses (Bateman, Thomas , Zeithaml, 1989). Unfortunately, as Thomas (1993) noted in an article for HR Focus, statistics show that many organizational change efforts fail. For example, 50 percent of quality improvement programs fail to meet their goals, and 30 percent of process reengineering efforts are unsuccessful. The most common reason that change efforts fail is that they encounter resistance from employees. Change appears threatening to many people, which makes it difficult to gain their support and commitment to implementing changes. Consequently, the ability to manage change effectively is a highly sought-after skill in managers. Companies need people who can contribute positively to their inevitable change efforts. The management at TESCO developed a set of objectives sales increment, cost effectiveness, customer satisfaction before implementing the change and measured these developed objectives to ensure success through the attainment of these developed objectives. AREAS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE Bateman and Zeithaml identified four major areas of organizational change: strategy, technology, structure, and people. All four areas are related, and companies often must institute changes in the other areas when they attempt to change one area. The first area, strategy changes, can take place on a large scale-for example, when a company shifts its resources to enter a new line of business-or on a small scale-for example, when a company makes productivity improvements in order to reduce costs (Bateman, Thomas , Zeithaml, 1989). There are three basic stages for a company making a strategic change:1) realizing that the current strategy is no longer suitable for the companys situation; 2) establishing a vision for the companys future direction; and 3) implementing the change and setting up new systems to support it. At TESCO, the management has followed the same process and stand efficacious in implanting the new system successfully. DRIVERS OF CHANGE There are four primary drivers of major work-place change. They are a change to the organizational structure, a new product or service, new management, and new technology. Organizational structure may change through major downsizing, outsourcing, acquisitions, or mergers. These actions are often accompanied by layoffs, particularly as certain positions become redundant. A new product or service has implications for changes in production, sales, and customer service. Additionally, by changing product or service the organization may face new competitors or new markets. New management, such as a change in chief executive officer or president, often brings a period of transition during which upper-level managers are likely to alter existing business processes and personnel policies. Finally, new technology can create vast changes to the organization. Technology can change the production process or the working conditions (i.e., telecommuting), and these changes may influence the skills th at employees use on the job (Gioia, Dennis , Thomas, James , 1996). The changes are caused by the interaction of forces, these are classified as: INTERNAL DRIVERS Internal drivers are those from within the organization, arising from the analysis of behaviour organizational and presented as alternative solutions, representing conditions of equilibrium, creating the need for structural rearrangement, is an example of these technological adaptations, changing strategies, methodological, policy changes, etc. EXTERNAL DRIVERS External drivers are those from outside the organization, creating the need for internal order changes are examples of this force: The government decrees, the standards of quality, limitations on the environment both physical and economic etc. DRIVERS OF CHANGE IN TESCO Over the years TESCO has been able to apply its strategies effectively and efficiently to become one of the big Global retailers in the world. Both, internal and external drivers have played their role in sparking the change at TESCO. The main triggers are discussed below: CREATION OF VALUE FOR CUSTOMER As part of TESCO strategy to retain existing customers and attract new ones, the Company decided to create more value for its customers. This resulted in the Implementation of the self-checkout system. TESCO wanted to make the shopping experience Exciting for the customers. GROWING CUSTOMER BASE The success of TESCO can be attributed to numerous factors one of which is its fast growing customer base. The self-checkout was implemented to ease congestion on Checkouts. With the implementation of the self-checkout customers do not have to stand in long boring queues to pay for their shopping. They can use the self-checkout which is simple and faster especially if the customer has purchased only a few items. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS In view of the growing age of technology, it is essential for all organizations to enhance their technologies if they want to be successful. TESCO implemented the self-checkout to improve upon its operational efficiency. COMPETITION Competition among organizations is one of the common triggers of change in most Industries. TESCO implemented the self-checkout system to gain a competitive Advantage against its competitors. This also led to differentiation in the market as TESCO distinguished itself from the other retailers by the use of the self-checkout System. COST OF LABOUR One of the major aims of every business is to maximize profit. TESCO wanted to Increase its operational capacity at the front end and at the same time saves cost hence the use of the self-checkout. For instance instead of employing five cashiers to operate Five cashier checkout, only one cashier will be required to assist customers on five Self-checkouts. THE PROCESS OF ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE Every change effort should be accompanied by an action plan. Once a compelling reason to change has been identified, it is necessary to create a picture of what the change will require, how the organization will effect it, and what the organization will look like when the change has been implemented. Although each action plan for change will be unique, all plans should follow a basic structure: (1) identification of a course of action and allocation of resources to achieve the organizations change goals; (2) designation of the authority, responsibility, and relationships that will drive the change efforts; (3) determination of who will lead the change effort and the specific roles and responsibilities of these individuals; (4) a description of the procedures and processes that will expedite implementation of the change; (5) identification of the training that will be required to enable people to incorporate the change into their work processes; and (6) identification of the equipment , tools, or machinery that will affect the way work is accomplished (Atuahene-Giman, Li, 2004). Many organizational changes are initiated and implemented through the authority of top levels of management. The problems are defined and solutions are developed by top-level managers based on information that is gathered by others with help from a limited number of people. Once a decision is made, the changes are often communicated to people in the organization through memo, speech, policy statement, or verbal command. Since only a few people, usually at the top, are involved in making the decisions, the change is usually introduced very rapidly. However, this strategy has proved to be largely ineffective in dealing with organizational change processes, particularly for successful integration. A common misconception about carrying out a change is that it must be directed from the top. The foundation of successful change management lies in involving the people who will be affected by the change. Sharing responsibility for change is a process whereby those at the top and those at lower levels are jointly involved in identifying problems and/or developing solutions. Virtually continual interaction takes place between top and bottom levels. The shared responsibility or participative approach can be addressed in several ways: (1) Top management defines the problem and uses staff groups or consultants to gather information and develop solutions. These identified solutions are then communicated to lower-level groups in order to obtain reactions. The feedback from the lower levels is then used to modify the solution, and the communication process starts again. The assumption underlying this approach is that although involving others in the definition of the problem or its solution may be impractical, the solution can be improved and commitment obtained by involving lower levels. (2) Top management defines the problem but seeks involvement from lower levels by appointing task forces to develop solutions. The task forces provide recommendations to top management, where the final decision is made. These task forces are composed of people who will be affected by the change and have some level of expertise in the areas that will be affected by the proposed change. The assumption here is that those who have the expertise to solve the problems are those groups that are closer to the situation. Also, the groups commitment to the change may be made deeper by this involvement. (3) Task forces composed of people from all levels are formed to collect information about problems in the organization and to develop solutions. The underlying assumptions in this approach are that people at the top, middle, and lower levels are needed to develop quality solutions and that commitment must build at about the same rate at all levels. These approaches emphasizing shared responsibility usually take longer to implement but result in more commitment from all levels of the organization and more successful integration of the change into the work processes (Hough, 2003). CHANGE MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES TESCO Before, implementing the change, TESCO devised the following objectives to measure the effectiveness of the organisational change. The developed objectives were: A significant increase in customer satisfaction To achieve cost effectiveness A substential increase in sales THE IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS The implementation of the TESCO self-checkout systems could be said to be a strategic Change. This is because the self-checkout is a new system which differs from the Normal checkout in terms of the way transactions are carried out. The cashier checkout requires a cashier to operate but the self-checkout does not require a cashier. The self-checkout brings a new procedure or method of serving Customers. The use of the self-checkout and the normal checkout give the customers an enhanced service without having to spend so much time in the store. The self-checkout when introduced in TESCO was to help improve upon the customers Shopping experience and also to make the shopping very easy. This was done to make the customers feel a part of TESCO. The customer in store will select the shopping from the shelves and move to the self-checkout, scan and pay for the items. The intended Effect is the synergy of both the self-checkout and the cashier checkout. RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Understanding the factors that drive change and how people react to change is critical to the successful implementation of change. It is part of human nature to resist change. People prefer the security of familiar surroundings and often do not react well to changes in their work or social environment. Resistance to change often takes some typical forms. One typical reaction is denial, which individuals use to protect themselves. Many managers assume that if people think the change is a good idea, they will not resist it. Why would the work force resist changes if the changes will fix what they wanted fixed? People may want change, but not necessarily the changes that have been identified in the plan. Workers may have their own ideas about what should change, and frequently the changes they think fix the problem involve someone else changing, not them. In addition workers may think the ways to make things better is simply to adjust and manipulate their work processes, not to implement the drastic changes identified in the proposed plan. Alternatively, workers may not think that is wrong with the current way of working. Often the process of changing looks too hard, looks like it will take too much energy, and seems confusing. A strictly structured change process often ignores the ingrained human resistance to change. When that happens, people who are affected by the change end up expending most of their time a nd energy figuring out how to stop the change or altering the change until it looks like something they can live with. If the desired change is not very desirable to the work force, managers need to find out why. Insufficient information about the driving force behind the change and the benefits expected from it is likely to cause distress among those affected by the change. People tend to act in their own perceived self-interest. Managers often think of change initiatives in broader terms, while the work force tends to think of it differently, in more narrow terms of how the change will affect their work. Sometimes managers forget or overlook this reaction to change. Effective strategies for organizational change involve an understanding of the human beings in the work force. RESISTENCE MANAGEMENT AT TESCO Effective planning is imperative in any organization if it is going to be successful in Its activities. The management of TESCO had to decide on the number of self-checkout they were going to begin with and in which of their stores they would be introduced first. The checkout leaders were trained to operate the self-checkout as they would be assisting the customers to use the new system although the self-checkout has a screen Demo which makes the system user friendly and easy to understand and operate. Some cashiers thought that the self-checkout was going to put them out of their jobs As automation of a system normally leads to the elimination of the manual aspect of The system and this made them insecure with their jobs. The managers had to educate the cashiers on the purpose of the self-checkout and the Potential benefits it was going to bring to both customers and the organization as a Whole. The purpose was to motivate the cashiers to be confident and welcome the Change. The ini tial implementation was a form of feasibility studies. The customers were encouraged to use the self-checkout with the assistance of the trained front end Leaders. Management observed the system for a period of time to determine the Number of customers that patronized it and also to get feedback from both the Customers and staffs. The positive feedback gave management the green light to introduce the self-checkout in other TESCO outlets. EXTENT TO WHICH CHANGE WAS SUCCESSFUL IN MEETING ITS OBJECTIVES This change management process (implementation of the self-checkout) has had an immense effect on the entire organization as it serves a major role in the customer Shopping experience and also impact positively on the sales of TESCO as an Organization. The major benefits of the self-checkout will be discussed below. INCREASE IN SALES In this marketing era where the customer is the focus of most companies, customers will always go to shops where they can get a good and timely service. TESCO being one of the worlds leading international retailers currently has 3000 self-checkouts in 750 stores. This is a great improvement since the self-checkout was first implemented. The number of self-checkouts in stores attracts more new customers as they know They can always leave the store in time through the use of the self-checkout. This Increases customer base which impacts positively on sales. 25% of TESCOs UK Transactions are through self-checkout (TESCO plc). This means that a quarter of UK TESCO sales can be accounted for by the use of the self-checkout systems. This is represented in the pie chart below as blue. COST EFFECTIVENESS This is an important factor to consider when planning any change management Process in any organization. According to TESCOs annual statement 2005, the self-checkout was introduced into 130 stores and over 850,000 customers use them every Week. The use of the self-checkout helps to save on labour cost as a number of the self-checkout systems could be operated without the need for a corresponding number of Cashiers. The self-checkout can compensate for the shortage of staff. However a Trained supervisor may be required to assist customers with the self-checkout in case Of any malfunctioning. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION The self-checkout has brought about good customer services as customers dont have To spend time in the store queuing to pay for their shopping. Datamonitor (2008) stated that the use of technology is one of the greatest ways to improve upon customer Satisfaction. This helps to build a good relationship with the customers which results in customer loyalty. In TESCOs annual report and financial statement, 1.5million customers prefer to use the self-checkout in more than 200 stores weekly. This shows that customers are very satisfied with the system and this also has a huge Impact on sales. CONCLUSION Although the self-checkout has been well received by retailers and their customers, there are a few challenges with the system. When customers buy loose items like tomatoes in a small bag without a barcode, it will be priced by the weight. The customer has to go through the menu of the self-checkout which often gets customers confused and frustrated especially those without any IT knowledge. Another problem is when a customer has only one item and scans it the system gives a warning if it is not placed in the bagging area. This often irritates customers. Minors also use the self-checkout to purchase alcohol and this could result in Tesco losing its License to sell alcohol. NEED FOR FURTHER CHANGES IN THE FUTURE In light of the difficulties discussed above, it is suggested that a supervisor or expert staff is positioned at the checkout area from the maiden of the store to closing to assist customers who come upon any difficulties using the system to circumvent any delays in transactions and also to check the id of anyone alleged to be a minor. The self-checkout should be upgraded to make it further users friendly and also to lessen the rate at which it reports errors.